Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT devices are characterized by decentralized deployment, vast numbers, and often placement in locations that are unattended or where battery replacement is extremely difficult (e.g., buried smart water meters, high-altitude asset trackers). Their power sources must therefore feature an extremely low annual self-discharge rate (typically below 1%), a broad operating temperature range to withstand outdoor extremes, and most crucially, an ultra-long service life (targeting 10-20 years) to match the device lifecycle and drastically reduce maintenance costs. These batteries typically provide continuous discharge at micro-ampere levels, with specific requirements for pulse discharge capability as well.